Diary 67

Life in Japan

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Section 67 Entry 0001. Date: 2003 September 11 Thursday.
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A couple of days ago, I was on the Okinawan island of Ishigaki. Right now, a typhoon is hammering the archipelago of which Ishigaki forms a part - in Japanese parlance, typhoon Number 14. That's one drawback of traveling to Okinawa in September: there's a distinct possibility of encountering a typhoon.

Here in Yokohama, it's been hot. When I was on Ishigaki, the temperature was 32 degrees Centigrade (90 degrees Fahrenheit or thereabouts) and, here in the Tokyo-Yokohama area, it's been just as hot over the last couple of days. Swelteringly tropical.

To add to the tropical feeling, there's been a gecko running around the living room. Geckos are lizard-type things with adhesive feet, which means they can happily run across the ceiling upside down.

When I was a kid, growing up on Ocean Island, geckos were a routine part of the household scene, so I didn't have any problem with the idea of cohabiting with a gecko. However, not everyone is so comfortable with these creatures, and it was suggested to me that "perhaps the gecko might be happier outside."

In response to this suggestion, I made a number of attempts to deport the gecko. However, catching it proved more difficult than anticipated, and in the end it escaped into the depths of the futon cupboard, uncaught. We were doomed, then, to spend the night in the gecko's company. This prompted a question:

"Do geckos go to the toilet?"

"No," I said, positively. "Geckos never go to the toilet."

Actually, to tell the truth, I was not entirely certain that this claim represented a valid statement of biological fact. However, given that bears can hibernate all through the winter without going to the toilet, I thought it was at least hypothetically possible that the gecko might be able to get through the night without needing a comfort stop.

The next question came in English with one word in Japanese, the critical word being "fun," meaning not "pleasure" but "excrement". (The"u" vowel here is the Japanese vowel, which is similar to, though not identical to, the "u" vowel in the English word "put".)

The question was this:-

"What about fun?"

Apparently the fear was that, during the night, the gecko would launch some kind of excremental terror attack from the ceiling, assailing unsuspecting humanity with unanticipated weapons of micro destruction.

"Geckos do not produce fun," I said, positively.

This was an out-and-out lie. Having had time to think about it, I'd figured out that, in all probability, the gecko in your house probably does treat the place like a public toilet. However, when I was a kid, we never had any conspicuous gecko dung problems in our tropical island home, so I didn't see our resident gecko as representing a sanitary problem.

The outcome, let me say, was that nobody got woken in the night by gecko fallout.

It's surprising, now I think of it, that I've lived on this planet for so many decades without ever giving any thought to the question of whether household geckos are toilet trained.

I was also - all through childhood and then into adolescence - totally incurious about how geckos manage to run across the ceiling upside down. How do they hold on?

It turns out (I read this in the newspaper recently) that their feet are microscopically subdivided. Think of a stalk of broccoli: it divides, then divides again, then divides yet again. The feet of the gecko are engineered in an analogous fashion, and apparently anything which is sufficiently subdivided automatically becomes adhesive.

To me, the notion that subididing something makes it adhesive is not exactly intuitive. However, apparently someone cooked up a scientific theory saying that this is so, and the gecko is the proof of it.

To get documentation on this, I just did an Internet search for "gecko broccoli" (I vaguely remembered the newspaper article I read using the broccoli analogy) and found something on the site of:-

cbs news

at:-

www.cbsnews.com/stories/2000/06/07/tech/main203515.shtml


This, dated June 8, 2000 (which was a Thursday, if my computer's calendar can be trusted) says, in part:-
The speedy geckos, or house lizards, have two million microscopic hairs on their toes and hundreds of thousands of tiny pads called spatulae on the tip of each hair that allow them to dangle effortlessly from a ceiling by just one toe.

"These billion spatulae, which look like broccoli on the tips of the hairs, are outstanding adhesives," Berkeley biologist Robert Full said in a statement Wednesday.


The article attributes the adhesive powers to the fact that "Unbalanced electrical charges around molecules attract one another."

This explanation didn't quite satisfy me, and wasn't quite what I remembered reading, so I searched some more and came up with what seems to be the original article that I read. It apparently originally appeared in The Japan Times on September 5, 2002, and a copy is presently online at:-

web.skku.edu/~sktimes/251/tech.html


I still can't pretend to really understand what I'm reading, but I now know that the forces which the gecko is exploiting are referred to as Van der Waals forces. The following includes a quote from researcher Kellar Autumn:-
"The Van der Waals theory predicts we can enhance adhesion - just as nature has - simply by subdividing a surface into small protrusions to increase surface density," Autumn said. "It also suggests that a possible design principle underlies the repeated, convergent evolution of dry adhesive microstructures in geckos, anoles, skinks and insects. Basically, Mother Nature is packing a whole bunch of tiny things into a given area."

The team showed that since Van der Waals" forces were operating, it was the geometry of the hairs that was important, not what they were made of. In other words, shape and size, not chemistry, is the key to the gecko's sticking ability.


I don't have a technical mind, but I decided to have a look at Van der Waals forces, and found a page on the site:-

www.chemguide.co.uk

at:-

www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/vdw.html


This page tells us, amongst other things, that "All molecules experience intermolecular attractions, although in some cases those attractions are very weak."

And now I get a glimmering of understanding ... if molecules attract, all you need to create adhesiveness is a bunch of molecules ... if these molecules are kept separate from each other by some kind of structure, like the microscopically subdivided structure of the gecko's foot, then they will keep attracting each other ... and this attractive power adds up to stickiness ... I think.

The stickiness of molecules is apparently electrical in nature, and it is this stickiness, if I read the page correctly, which explains why we have such things as liquids and solids, rather than just a bunch of gases. Here's a quote from the page:-
All molecules experience intermolecular attractions, although in some cases those attractions are very weak. Even in a gas like hydrogen, H2, if you slow the molecules down by cooling the gas, the attractions are large enough for the molecules to stick together eventually to form a liquid and then a solid.

In hydrogen's case the attractions are so weak that the molecules have to be cooled to 21 K (-252°C) before the attractions are enough to condense the hydrogen as a liquid. Helium's intermolecular attractions are even weaker - the molecules won't stick together to form a liquid until the temperature drops to 4 K (-269°C).


So much unsuspected complication running around the house ... all this makes we wonder what countless other things I've never bothered to wonder about. Such as: what would gecko dung look like if you did find it in your house?

Well, I'm out of time today, but apparently there is stuff about gecko dung on the Internet if you're really interested, and it seems that, to tell the truth, geckos do crap in houses. I found a piece at the site:-

www.beatmag.com


and presently the article that I'm looking at, a piece entitled ... well, it doesn't seem to have a title ... anyway, the piece is presently at:-

www.beatmag.com/archive/zanzibar1.htm


and includes the following:-
But then Mr Business began to tell me about his business, and the gecko dung at the base of a wall caught my attention. It collected so quickly here! Didn't those geckos understand? Stupid geckos. But apparently if you mixed gecko dung with water it formed a paste you could apply to your skin in order to ward off mosquitos. Or was it to ward off geckos? How much gecko dung would it take? Maybe it was time for me to start raising geckos. I could sell their excrement.

Next question: in my oblivious childhood, how come I never noticed big heaps of gecko dung lying around the house? Maybe the answer is that I'm just not as observant as I like to think I am.


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